Homework and Paper Activities Essay Example for Free

Schoolwork and Paper Activities Essay As an instructor, I will execute an exacting principle with respect to schoolwork and other desk work. Home works are carefully to be done at home and ought to be quickly passed when the understudy shows up in the study hall, The reason for this is to abstain from cheating among the understudies and to urge them more to do things without anyone else. In any case, understudies are permitted to talk about the undertaking among themselves during breaks. This is to advance learning by free conversation of thoughts and contemplations. Paper exercises, for example, lab works should just be passed during the assigned class hours. Papers that are to be finished by sets might be comparative however they ought not be a complete repeat of one another. Ultimately, any late accommodation of the papers will naturally be exposed to derivation to show the understudies to sit back and obey rules. As my general convention, the class will begin 5 minutes after the assigned time. This is to permit understudies to sign the participation sheet and set up the things required for the class which I will post on the board. I will likewise actualize an energizer movement to acquaint the theme with class and to get the class’ consideration for the point. A talk with intuitive conversation will trail that and an assessment movement, for example, a test will be done to survey the understudies learning. Any exercises during the class, for example, going to bathroom or center ought to be oppressed for my consent. I will just permit 10 minutes for bathroom exercises to abstain from playing hooky of understudies. In the event that the following class is to be directed to another homeroom, I will excuse the class 5 minutes before an opportunity to permit them to get ready for the following class. Understudies are required to get any litter found in the floor. Work areas are likewise to be composed and the gathering doled out for the day ought to delete the board upon my authorization. After all the things are done, a solitary document will be shaped before setting off to another study hall to keep the understudies sorted out. Rules, outcomes and prizes are significant in dealing with the study hall. These three things alongside the arrangement of encouraging procedures are useful in keeping up balance and protecting amicability between the educator and the understudies. On the off chance that the principles, outcomes and prizes are all around arranged, built up and educated to the understudies, at that point any misconception or clashes will be maintained a strategic distance from (Laslett and Smith 1984). The following are my built up rules, results and rewards which I based from Kohlberg’s phases of good turn of events.

Marketing of Liability Products of Bank Essay Example for Free

Showcasing of Liability Products of Bank Essay There are number of Liabilty items, a portion of the obligation items are recorded underneath * Savings Account * Fixed Deposit Account * Recurring Deposit * Current Account * NRI Account Etc†¦. These items are the essential results of bank which are taking new measurements in the financial world as the opposition is harder. The items which are referenced above are the results of Retail Banking. Discount banking is another huge section of bank which manages the SME and Corporate customers. Discount Banking Despite the fact that Internet banking as an idea has not gotten the extravagant of a larger part of clients so far even the little rate that uses it, has any kind of effect to the general expense. Practically all driving banks in India are trusting that similarly as ATMs saw a time of inaction before they were acknowledged by Indian masses, Internet banking also would be embraced once clients are OK with the innovation. For example, in 1998 India had only 500 ATMs today it has near 7,500. Promoting Boards; According to the contextual investigation which we have done in the Bhubaneswar city from Rabi Talkies to Janapath. The Advertising Boards are once in a while utilized , we discovered just one Hoarding that has a place with Bank of Baroda in Bapuji Nagar and that excessively was expelled following seven days from our review. The other commercial which is given in the transport remain by HDFC in Lewis Road. Investigation; Bank’s accept less on this methodology of promotion. The Case study was done in an extremely short separation so this may or probably won't be the genuine circumstance. Internet based life Marketing Strategy * Bank Adverts on specific Websites * Social media in business permits anybody and everybody to communicate and share * Social systems administration locales go about as verbal. (For instance Facebook, Twitter, Google+ etc†¦) * Professional Sites like Linkedin * â€Å"retweet† or â€Å"repost†-rehashing the message * Sharing recordings through â€Å"Youtube† They promote the bank items through various money related, business related and so forth sites. As should be obvious in the above screen shots from various sites we could comprehend that Banks depend on Social Media Marketing also to promote and advertise their items. End We have investigated various procedures of the bank from Marketing Mix to Technology Based Marketing. From breaking down in all perspectives the main technique which is aiding and which will assist the manage an account with being effective is Product Innovation. High Interest or limits won't help the bank any longer on the grounds that the clients are expecting the top notch administration not the enthusiasm from the bank. Individuals have gotten Quality cognizant in the ongoing past so the new items and the administration of that specific item in a fitting manner will assist the keeps money with reaching more noteworthy Heights.

Commuting to Columbia Universitys campus COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Commuting to Columbia Universitys campus COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog We often discuss the wonderful diversity of students at SIPA on this blog. That diversity means students are moving to New York from all over the country and the world so inevitably one of the first questions admitted students have is about where they should  live. Some students move to the city just before they begin their studies and live right by campus; some used to live in New York, move back and crash with friends for the first few weeks; some live with family off commuter train lines; and others have been living here for years in all corners of the city. No matter when or how you arrive, all of us have to figure out what our commute to Columbia will be. I am one of those students who was already living and working in New York before coming to SIPA so this post is to share some thoughts and advice on living farther from Columbia than walking distance or just off the 1 train. I live on the East side of Manhattan and my commute to campus takes forty minutes on a very good day, or an hour on a bad day. I decided to stay at my current apartment, despite the long commute.  Thankfully, I have been happy with my choice and discovered I get all my reading done during my commute! I have friends who live in Midtown and Brooklyn, and I’ve even met a few students who commute via the Metro-North line from even farther outside the city. So it’s definitely possible to live beyond campus! It just depends on what you’re looking for in your SIPA experience. If you are someone who has extreme FOMO (fear of missing out), living farther away might be frustrating for you as you can’t run over whenever a spontaneous happy hour or study group occurs. If you’re someone who is coming to SIPA because you want to be in the heart of New York City and go to shows and museums in your spare time, you might enjoy living further downtown or in Brooklyn, depending on the environment you’re looking for. One second-year student told me that living far away (he lives in Midtown East) means he actually spends more time on campus because he knows he can’t commute back and forth within the day. Another student said that a longer commute can be frustrating and sometimes tiring but added that living far away teaches you time management and to operate more efficiently. Rebecca Krisel, MIA 2016, lives in Brooklyn, and sees her commute as a  benefit: “Though I spend nearly two hours a day underground, commuting from Crown Heights in Brooklyn to SIPA, it is an opportunity to have uninterrupted time to read the newspaper or to get lost in a novel, as well as catch up on some podcasts, she says. The commute each way is exactly the right amount of time to enjoy any genre of storytelling and my Kindle is my best commuting friend.  Since I already lived in Brooklyn before beginning my degree at SIPA, I felt tied to the community and my home. Uprooting to Harlem would have felt like I was moving to a new city and I am glad I made the decision to stay in Brooklyn. It allows me to engage with the rest of the city while I study urban policy at SIPA, and it creates an incentive to enjoy what New York has to offer. From a social perspective, there are times when I feel as though living far away cuts me off from the social life at SIPA.  However, I have never had an issue convincing SIPA peers to visit me in Brooklyn on the weekends. Here are some tips if you decide to live beyond Morningside Heights (where SIPA is located): Be sure to consider transportation costs of MetroCards when you make your budget for the school year! Download a mobile app or two that will help you check if trains are delayed or out of serviceyou don’t want to get stuck on an already long commute, nor do you want to miss class. Here is a list of mobile apps that can help you get around the city. When it snows, be sure to check closures and leave extra time for your commuteyou’ll even walk a bit slower when it’s icy outside. Set up a system for yourself to be productive on the train or bus. I get all my reading done for class during my commute by planning ahead and downloading all my readings to an iPad. Other options include printing your readings on campus and taking those with you or using another e-reader, such as a Kindle. Be upfront with any homework groups you are in that you are not able to run back and forth to campus, so if you need to meet in person they know when you’ll be on campus. And if you find your commute too long, you can always move closer to campus! Maybe only sign a one year lease when you first move to New York if you want to give yourself the option to move elsewhere for your second year. Want to practice the commute to Columbia University? Come to a SIPA information session or tour, by signing up here.

Commuting to Columbia Universitys campus COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Commuting to Columbia Universitys campus COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog We often discuss the wonderful diversity of students at SIPA on this blog. That diversity means students are moving to New York from all over the country and the world so inevitably one of the first questions admitted students have is about where they should  live. Some students move to the city just before they begin their studies and live right by campus; some used to live in New York, move back and crash with friends for the first few weeks; some live with family off commuter train lines; and others have been living here for years in all corners of the city. No matter when or how you arrive, all of us have to figure out what our commute to Columbia will be. I am one of those students who was already living and working in New York before coming to SIPA so this post is to share some thoughts and advice on living farther from Columbia than walking distance or just off the 1 train. I live on the East side of Manhattan and my commute to campus takes forty minutes on a very good day, or an hour on a bad day. I decided to stay at my current apartment, despite the long commute.  Thankfully, I have been happy with my choice and discovered I get all my reading done during my commute! I have friends who live in Midtown and Brooklyn, and I’ve even met a few students who commute via the Metro-North line from even farther outside the city. So it’s definitely possible to live beyond campus! It just depends on what you’re looking for in your SIPA experience. If you are someone who has extreme FOMO (fear of missing out), living farther away might be frustrating for you as you can’t run over whenever a spontaneous happy hour or study group occurs. If you’re someone who is coming to SIPA because you want to be in the heart of New York City and go to shows and museums in your spare time, you might enjoy living further downtown or in Brooklyn, depending on the environment you’re looking for. One second-year student told me that living far away (he lives in Midtown East) means he actually spends more time on campus because he knows he can’t commute back and forth within the day. Another student said that a longer commute can be frustrating and sometimes tiring but added that living far away teaches you time management and to operate more efficiently. Rebecca Krisel, MIA 2016, lives in Brooklyn, and sees her commute as a  benefit: “Though I spend nearly two hours a day underground, commuting from Crown Heights in Brooklyn to SIPA, it is an opportunity to have uninterrupted time to read the newspaper or to get lost in a novel, as well as catch up on some podcasts, she says. The commute each way is exactly the right amount of time to enjoy any genre of storytelling and my Kindle is my best commuting friend.  Since I already lived in Brooklyn before beginning my degree at SIPA, I felt tied to the community and my home. Uprooting to Harlem would have felt like I was moving to a new city and I am glad I made the decision to stay in Brooklyn. It allows me to engage with the rest of the city while I study urban policy at SIPA, and it creates an incentive to enjoy what New York has to offer. From a social perspective, there are times when I feel as though living far away cuts me off from the social life at SIPA.  However, I have never had an issue convincing SIPA peers to visit me in Brooklyn on the weekends. Here are some tips if you decide to live beyond Morningside Heights (where SIPA is located): Be sure to consider transportation costs of MetroCards when you make your budget for the school year! Download a mobile app or two that will help you check if trains are delayed or out of serviceyou don’t want to get stuck on an already long commute, nor do you want to miss class. Here is a list of mobile apps that can help you get around the city. When it snows, be sure to check closures and leave extra time for your commuteyou’ll even walk a bit slower when it’s icy outside. Set up a system for yourself to be productive on the train or bus. I get all my reading done for class during my commute by planning ahead and downloading all my readings to an iPad. Other options include printing your readings on campus and taking those with you or using another e-reader, such as a Kindle. Be upfront with any homework groups you are in that you are not able to run back and forth to campus, so if you need to meet in person they know when you’ll be on campus. And if you find your commute too long, you can always move closer to campus! Maybe only sign a one year lease when you first move to New York if you want to give yourself the option to move elsewhere for your second year. Want to practice the commute to Columbia University? Come to a SIPA information session or tour, by signing up here.

The Life of Madame de Pompadour, Royal Mistress and Advisor

Madame de Pompadour (December 29, 1721–April 15, 1764) was a French noblewoman and one of Louis XV’s primary mistresses. Even after her time as the king’s mistress came to an end, the Madame de Pompadour remained an influential friend and advisor to the king, especially as a patron of arts and philosophy. Fast Facts: Madame de Pompadour Known For: Beloved mistress of King Louis XV who became an unofficial advisor to the king and an influential leader of the artsFull Name: Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, Marquise de PompadourAlso Known As: ReinetteBorn: December 29, 1721 in Paris, FranceDied: April 15, 1764 in Paris, FranceSpouse: Charles Guillaume Le Normant dÉtiolles (m. 1741; separated 1745)Children: Charles Guillaume Louis (1741-1742), Alexandrine Jeanne (1744-1754) Early Life: The Reinette Jeanne Antoinette was the daughter of Francois Poisson and his wife Madeline de la Motte. Although Poisson was her legal father and the husband of her mother, it is more likely that Jeanne’s biological father was Charles Franà §ois Paul Le Normant de Tournehem, a wealthy tax collector. When Jeanne Antoinette was four, Francois Poisson had to leave the country due to unpaid debts, and Tournehem became her legal guardian, thus giving even more credence to the rumors that he was her real father. Like many girls from families of means, Jeanne Antoinette was sent to be educated at a convent when she reached the age of five. The education was excellent, and she proved to be a popular student. However, she became ill and returned home four years later. Her mother took her to a fortuneteller, who predicted that Jeanne Antoinette would win the heart of a king. From that point on, those closest to her began calling her â€Å"Reinette† (a diminutive, or nickname, meaning â€Å"little queen†). She was educated at home by the best tutors. Tournehem arranged for her instruction in all the subjects deemed necessary for a woman’s education, in order that she might one day attract the interest of the king. Wife and Socialite In 1740, Jeanne Antoinette married Charles Guillaume Le Normant dÉtiolles, the nephew of her guardian Tournehem. Upon their marriage, Tournehem made Charles his sole heir and gave Jeanne Antoinette an estate (one situated near the royal hunting grounds) as a wedding gift. The young couple were only four years apart in age, and they did fall in love with each other. Jeanne Antoinette promised she would never be unfaithful—except for the king. They had two children: a son who died as an infant, and a daughter, Alexandrine, who died at the age of nine in 1753. As a stylish young married woman, Jeanne Antoinette spent time at many of the elite salons in Paris. She encountered many of the figures of the Enlightenment and, in time, began hosting her own salons at her Étiolles estate, which also attracted many leading figures of the day. Educated and curious, she became a notable and witty conversationalist in the company of these people. By 1744, Jeanne Antoinettes name was being mentioned at court, attracting the attention of Louis XV. Her estate was adjacent to the king’s hunting grounds in the forest of Sà ©nart, so she was permitted to watch the royal party from a distance. To get the king’s attention, however, she rode directly in front of his group—not once, but twice. The king took notice and sent her a gift of venison from the hunt. The king’s official mistress died in December 1744, leaving the position vacant, and Jeanne Antoinette was invited to Versailles to the masked ball celebrating the engagement of the Dauphin. At the ball, Louis publicly unmasked and declared his affection for Jeanne Antoinette. Becoming the Royal Mistress In order to be properly introduced at court, Jeanne Antoinette had to have a title. The king solved this by purchasing the marquisate of Pompadour and giving it to her, making her the Marquise de Pompadour. She became the king’s official mistress, living at Versailles in apartments near his, and was formally presented to the court in September 1745. Notably, she got along quite well with the queen consort, Marie LeszczyÅ„ska, and worked to have a good relationship with the royal family overall. Madame de Pompadour was more than just a mistress. Louis XV respected her intelligence and understanding of social nuance, and as a result, she functioned as an unofficial prime minister and advisor. She supported the First Treaty of Versailles, which created an alliance between former rivals France and Austria, and rallied support behind government ministers whose fiscal reforms helped France become one of the world’s wealthiest countries. Madame de Pompadours influence was not limited to the political sphere. Building on her years in the Paris salons, she championed scientific, economic, and philosophical exploration as well. Her patronage protected the growing theory of physiocracy (an economic theory that emphasized the value of agriculture) and defended the Encyclopà ©die, a fundamental text of the Enlightenment that was opposed by religious figures. Her activities and her common birth earned her enemies and made her the subject of malicious gossip, but her relationship with Louis and the royal family remained mostly unaffected. The King’s Friend and Advisor By 1750, Pompadour ceased being Louis’s mistress, in large part due to her many health problems, including recurring bronchitis, three miscarriages, and chronic headaches. Nevertheless, she maintained her influential position, since their relationship had become much more than just a sexual one. The king did not take a new official â€Å"favorite,† but instead installed a succession of temporary mistresses at a chateau away from court. According to most reports, his heart and loyalty remained with Pompadour. During this era, Pompadour turned her patronage to the arts, which she used to announce her loyalty to the king (through commissions honoring him) and to cultivate her own image. In 1759, she purchased a porcelain factory, which created many jobs and ultimately become one of the most famous porcelain makers in all of Europe. Pompadour herself learned to engrave under the tutelage of Jacques Guay and Francois Boucher, and she was a significant influence in the development of Rococo style. It is likely that she contributed a fair amount to the work of the artists under her patronage. In fact, some historians consider her an actual collaborator on many works. Death and Legacy Madame de Pompadours poor health eventually caught up to her. In 1764, she suffered from tuberculosis, and Louis himself cared for her during her illness. She died on April 15, 1764 at the age of 42, and was buried at the Couvent des Capucines in Paris. Because of her influence on French society and her unusual advisory role to the king, the Madame de Pompadours legacy has endured in pop culture, from the publication of biographies to an episode of Doctor Who to the naming of a particular diamond cut. Sources Algrant, Christine Pevitt.  Madame de Pompadour Mistree of France. New York: Grove Press, 2002.Eschner, Kat. â€Å"Madame de Pompadour Was Far More Than a ‘Mistress’.† Smithsonian, 29 December 2017, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/madame-de-pompadour-was-far-more-mistress-180967662/.Foreman, Amanda, and Nancy Mitford. Madame de Pompadour. New York Review of Books, 2001.Mitford, Nancy. â€Å"Jeanne-Antoinette Poission, marquise de Pompadour.† Encyclopaedia Brittanica, 25 Dec. 2018, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jeanne-Antoinette-Poisson-marquise-de-Pompadour.

Analysis of Daniel Byman´s Why Drones Work and Majorie...

Article One: Dainel Byman, in his article Why Drones Work: The Case for Washington’s weapon of Choice in an August 2013 article in the Brookings Institute, identifies the positive impact of US drone strikes. Byman contends that US drone strikes are extremely efficient, at little financial cost to the government, and protect the lives of American soldiers. For these reasons, Byman believes that US drone strikes are necessary to the war on terror. Byman’s first argument is that US drone strikes are extremely efficient in their purpose: eliminating high value targets in foreign countries that pose a threat to national security. He cities a study done by the New America Foundation, which found that â€Å"U.S. drones have killed an estimated 3,300†¦show more content†¦In many cases, sending in a seal team to capture a high-value target would be much more expensive than sending a drone. Additionally, the cost of transporting and detaining the target in a place such as Guantanamo Bay is very high. Through the use of drones, the US government can cut military costs without risking lives. Byman continues with this argument, stating that drones achieve their intended goal without risking American lives. Because drones only require a remote control to pilot, they do not put a member of the US Air Force at risk. This not only reduces the amount of military deaths in foreign countries, but it allows drones to travel to places that are deemed too dangerous for actual US pilots. Byman states that in Pakistan, Yemen, and Somalia, â€Å"the government exerts little or no control over remote areas, which means that it is highly dangerous to go after militants hiding out there. Worse yet, in Pakistan and Yemen, the governments have at times cooperated with militants† (Byman 2). The majority of the time, sending in an actual military force is simply too dangerous. Instead of sending people, the US military can send robots. Byman’s tone in this article can be described as defensive. In his argument, Byman attempts to refute the arguments of many Americans that maintain that drones should be eliminated. This is demonstrated in Byman’s response to public criticism that using drones creates more terrorists. He states, â€Å"critics...

Essay on Creative Writing 25 Days - 551 Words

The Cybermen shoved the Warrior into his capsule. The Cyberleader moved to stand in front of all the Doctors. There are only eight more Doctors to catch before we can start upgrading. What do you plan to do with all of us? the Warrior asked. We plan to upgrade you, your brains will give the Cybermen infinite knowledge. How will you stop us from regenerating? Twelve questioned. We have discovered a way to prevent the regeneration process. the Cyberleader explained. Impossible! Nine shouted. With a billion billion Cyber minds its not. Ten sighed. The Doctor is correct. the Cyberleader responded. Which one? Nine and Ten asked simultaneously. The one with the glasses. The Cyberleader answered†¦show more content†¦Twelve laughed sarcastically, â€Å"What do you think this is? We are all here at the different moments in time at the exact same time.† â€Å"That’s confusing.† Rose shouted, frustrated. She had no clue what was going on, her memories since she had got to the lair had been wiped. The Doctor sighed, he had to get this explanation into Ten and Rose’s head at some point, â€Å"People assume that time is a strict progression of cause to effect, but actually from a non-linear, non-subjective viewpoint - its more like a big ball of wibbly wobbly... time-y wimey... stuff.† â€Å"Are you capable of speaking without flapping your hands about?† Twelve asked annoyed. â€Å"Yes,† the Doctor began as he pointed at Twelve. Twelve raised his eyebrows. â€Å"No.† the Doctor amended. â€Å"Basically,† the Ten stated to Rose, â€Å"we are here because we were drawn here by our physic papers that told us that someone needed help.† â€Å"Like the Dalek,† Nine interrupted. Ten scowled at Nine. â€Å"So we all came here, and if we don’t get out of the room soon then there will be massive consequences.† â€Å"Why?† Rose asked. â€Å"It’s a paradox.† All the Doctors answered together. â€Å"Remember when we went to see your Dad and you stopped him from dying?† Nine said. The Warrior looked surprised, a man alive in the world who wasnt alive before. An ordinary man. Thats the most important thing in creation. The whole world would be different because hes alive. â€Å"When youShow MoreRelatedHow Dialogue And The Stage Affects An Audience s Perception1269 Words   |  6 Pageslearned how to harness my creativity more easily, creating more of a story in my writing than I had previously thought was possible. The plays we read this semester gave me ample opportunity to expand my insights both as a reader and as a playwright. Since plays are written for the stage, I often found myself trying to imagine how a specific scene would look onstage when reading a play. 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Implementation of SQA tools in an Organization Free-Samples

Question: Discuss about the Implementation of Software Quality Assurance. Answer: Introduction Software Quality Assurance (SQA) is a set of processes that are applied in association with a particular project to validate and verify the adherence of the project components and activities with the defined quality standards and specifications. It is a process that enhanced the quality of a particular procedure or a product. Correct Procedure for the Implementation of Software Quality Assurance (SQA) Implementation of SQA tools and processes in an organization requires detailed planning and analysis. It is necessary to make sure that the implementation process is well-planned in advance to avoid any loopholes and errors in the later stages. SQA tools were decided to be implemented in the ABC organization. However, it was found that the implementation process was associated with numerous issues. These issues that were listed after the in-house evaluation were categorized in the categories as assistance training, resistance, time, automation, initiation implementation communication, process, tool layout, tool analysis and verification, governance and management (Scarpino and Kovacs 2008). The correct procedure should have used more focus on the process that was required to be followed. For instance, the implementation of any of the new tools and concepts leads to many changes for the employees in terms of business activities and operations. The case was the same with ABC as the manual activities around quality assurance were now being converted to their automated counterparts. It was necessary to make sure that a detailed planning around the processes was involved and a gradual transition was made rather than following the big-bang approach for implementation of the tools. Once the planning and procedures were in place, the next step should have been in association with the trainings. Training is an activity that is often overlooked and not paid due attention. However, in case of ABC organizations attempt to implement SQA tools, training would have played a significant role. For instance, there are resources that are engaged with the organization that do not have a pr ior experience on SQA tools and automation testing. Instructing such resources to perform their business activities using these tools without any sort of training is sure to cause errors and deterioration of productivity levels (Parthasarathy and Sharma 2016). It was therefore required for the organization to develop a training plan and a training schedule for the end users. Also, the layout of the tool and its underlying features were required to be set up in such a manner that the user experience with the same was enriched. There were issues in the tool layout as well that led to confusions and ambiguities. The training procedure should have therefore included the explanation of the tool layout along with the navigation associated with the same. As stated earlier, a step by step approach should have been adapted instead of a big-bang implementation of the SQA tool. It would have provided the resources with the required timeframe to adapt to the behavior and functionality of the to ol along with its usage. Every organization has its own set of activities and departments along with their respective needs and requirements (Khaddaj and Horgan 2015). The level of automation along with the applicability of the tool therefore varies from one organization to the other. In case ABC, there are 40 different departments and a few require and some of the departments do not require an enhanced level of automation in terms of quality assurance. However, there was no analysis done in this aspect and it was assumed that automation would fit to the needs of one and all. The correct procedure would have included a detailed analysis on the level of automation required along with analysis of the tool. There were also several risks that could have emerged during the implementation of SQA tools in terms of technical and operational errors or security concerns. Governance and risk management was therefore required as a procedure to be applied to the same (Huang 2014). The order of procedures that should have been used and applied in ABC organization include planning and processing, training plan and schedule, estimation of automation levels, UI and navigational aspects of the tool, reviews and evaluations in the same order. In-House and External Evaluation There are numerous evaluation methods and these methods and processes can be carried out either externally or with the utilization of the in-house resources and entities. A comparison of the in-house and external evaluation is summarized in the table below. Parameters In-house Evaluation External Evaluation Entities Involved Quality Assurance team of the organization along with senior managers and leaders Technical and quality experts having specialization in the field Major areas of focus Integration with the rest of the systems, adherence to the organizational policies and standards, fulfillment of the provided specifications Level of customer satisfaction and ease of usability, fulfillment of the functional and non-functional aspects Level of Independence The evaluators are required to report their findings to the organizational departments and several heads of the departments (Winkler and Biffl 2014) The evaluators have statutory obligations and are not dependent upon any of the internal entities Costs There are several hidden costs that emerge in case of in-house evaluation in terms of the cost of tools, reporting and resources The costs in this case are fixed as per the contractual terms agreed upon by both the parties Incident Reporting Reporting of the findings and incidents are quicker and organized in case of in-house evaluation as there is a complete knowledge of the correct person to report the incident to There may be delays in the reporting of the incidents that are identified due to the presence of the intermediary channels in between Risk Management It is easier for the internal evaluators to suggest measures for control and management of the risks that may emerge in association with the activity or a process These evaluators are specialized in their fields but have a limited knowledge regarding the organization. The management of the risks may or may not fall in line with the organizational policies Reports Detailed reports compatible with the documentation structure of the organization are provided by the in-house evaluators Reporting is brief and to-the-point in this case In-house evaluations often comprise of the exact requirements as per the organizational policies and requirements. Evaluation are carried out with an integrated approach which often goes missing in the case of external evaluations since there is just a component or a system provided for the evaluation. Evaluation of assurance of the performance in the integrated environment therefore cannot be carried out by the external evaluators. On the other hand, external evaluators are more equipped in terms of the skills sets and expertise to understand the customer expectations and requirements as they have an elaborated view of the entire process and external environment (Lee 2014). The case is not the same with internal evaluators as they are restricted to a limited environment. Also, there are certain defects and issues that may be identified by in-house evaluators only such as the incompatibility of the system or process with the systems in other departments or the non-adherence to the particular standard or policy followed in the organization. Similarly, there are certain issues that can be evaluated only by the external evaluators that include the required levels of customer acceptance and satisfaction along with the accepted usability requirements (Voas, 2013). Project Progress Control Regimes There are several control regimes that may be applied to the ABC organization and its procedure for the implementation of SQA tools in its architecture. The first and the foremost shall include the development of plans and baselines for the procedure to stick to in order to avoid any of the deviations and errors in the path. It would control the risks and uncertainties that may be associated with the procedure and would therefore result in the successful outcomes (Bhuiyan and ElSabbagh 2014). The second control regime that may applied shall include the use of automated tools such as resource management, information management along with incident reporting to have a detailed account of the activities that are carried out along with the tracking of the same at any point of time. It is also necessary to have an adequate level of governance in the organization in order to control the flow and implementation of the processes and procedures that are implemented. The regime shall be followed in case of ABC organization as well with a dedicated governance bodies set up comprising of managers and system experts (Yiannakos 2011). These resourc es shall carry out audits and reviews to highlight the areas of improvement along with the loopholes that may be associated with the processes. Training is another method that may be applied in order to have a better progress of the project of the implementation of SQA. Trainings would provide the resources and the end users with the ability to adapt to the functionalities and features of the tool. Also, it would provide an opportunity to execute the features with much ease and convenience without any errors which would lead to enhancement of the productivity levels (Radlinski, 2011). Documentation and reporting is another method that would control and put a check on the deviations associated with the implementation procedure. Documentation of the project activities along with frequent reporting of the progress shall be made mandatory to allow the senior management and leadership to have the knowledge of the exact status and the issues associated with the project. Also, these report s and documents shall be placed on a shared location such as SharePoint or a shared folder. It would provide the resources and leadership with the ability to review the activities accomplished at any point of time. This practice would prove to be fruitful in case of the occurrence of a risk or the changes made by the client (Collofello 2006). Conclusion Software Quality Assurance (SQA) is a process that can enhance the quality of the system and procedures if implemented correctly. However, there are several mistakes that are given shape by the organizations during the implementation of SQA that range from incorrect estimation of requirement, inadequate governance and trainings along with insufficient planning and analysis. It is required for the organizations to therefore avoid such loopholes and carry out detailed planning and analysis for the implementation process. References Bhuiyan, Nadia, and ElSabbagh, Habib. 2014. "A Quality Assurance Model For Airborne Safety-Critical Software". Journal Of Software Engineering And Applications 07 (03): 162-176. doi:10.4236/jsea.2014.73018. Collofello, Js. 2006. "Software Quality Assurance For Maintenance". IEEE Software 4 (5): 46-51. doi:10.1109/ms.1987.231418. Huang, Ai Ming. 2014. "Study On CMM-Based Software Quality Assurance Process Improvement - A Case Of The Educational Software Quality Assurance Model". Advanced Materials Research 1049-1050: 2032-2036. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1049-1050.2032. Khaddaj, Souheil, and Horgan, Gerard. 2015. "A Proposed Adaptable Quality Model For Software Quality Assurance". Journal Of Computer Science 1 (4): 482-487. doi:10.3844/jcssp.2005.482.487. Lee, Ming-Chang. 2014. "Software Quality Factors And Software Quality Metrics To Enhance Software Quality Assurance". British Journal Of Applied Science Technology 4 (21): 3069-3095. doi:10.9734/bjast/2014/10548. Parthasarathy, Sudhaman, and Sharma, Srinarayan. 2016. "Impact Of Customization Over Software Quality In ERP Projects: An Empirical Study". Software Quality Journal. doi:10.1007/s11219-016-9314-x. Radlinski, Ukasz. 2011. "A Conceptual Bayesian Net Model For Integrated Software Quality Prediction". Annales UMCS, Informatica 11 (4). doi:10.2478/v10065-011-0032-5. Scarpino, John J., and Kovacs, Paul. 2008. "An Analysis Of A Software Quality Assurance Tool's Implementation: A Case Study" IX (2): 146-151. Voas, J. 2013. "Assuring Software Quality Assurance". IEEE Software 20 (3): 48-49. doi:10.1109/ms.2003.1196320. Winkler, Dietmar, and Biffl, Stefan. 2014. "Guest Editorial: Special Section On Software Quality Assurance And Quality Management". Software Quality Journal 22 (3): 467-468. doi:10.1007/s11219-014-9244-4. Yiannakos, Andrew. 2011. "Quality Assurance And Quality Control In The Software Development Process". ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes 9 (2): 130-132. doi:10.1145/1012467.1012480.

Amazon Companys Marketing Managment

Discuss the reasons for Amazon’s evolution of supply chain and distribution systems in the US. Use diagram or otherwise to illustrate and discuss Amazon’s current distribution network in the US. It would be useful if you can extend the discussions to two-tier network distribution where possibleAdvertising We will write a custom case study sample on Amazon Company’s Marketing Managment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Amazon succeeded due to the benefits derived from simplicity and speed in the US market. These two benefits are instrumental towards the consumer base of its products. Amazon emerged as a very successful bookstore across the globe within a very short time. One of the factors that boosted the company’s supply chain in the United States was the low level of inventories. In addition, the task of carrying out supply and stock books were left under the care and request of wholesalers. As a resul t, publishers were also linked closely with the company. The latter were awarded higher discounts than the wholesalers although their efficiency seemed to be rather low. Moreover, it took a relatively short time to make order fulfillment for customers. The time taken for this procedure was less than one week in most cases. The company also expanded the capacity of its distribution centers in order to facilitate prompt movement of stock from one region to another. The stock of the company in terms of the number of title also grew steadily within the first three years. Moreover, the logistics department of Amazon also grew rapidly due to additional investments. As already mentioned, the time taken to effect deliveries was significantly reduced due to the expansion that had taken place. However, the fast pace of competition in the online book selling stores prompted Amazon to devise better growth strategies that were in tandem with the market needs. Hence, more distribution centers wer e established in order to improve the physical infrastructure of the company. On the same note, supplier agreements of the same nature were initiated in order to boost the product range. The desire to optimize the operations of its networks was yet another important area of focus for Amazon. In any case, both the shipping and stocking activities experienced cost reductions within three years after the above initiatives were adopted. Moreover, there was marked improvement in the delivery of quality services to customers. The current distribution network of Amazon in the US makes use of distribution fulfillment space. It has been expanded by forty percent to a total of 53 centers. Other six distribution facilities that were added recently have improved efficiency of delivery. Besides, it has improved the market presence of Amazon due to large fulfillment centers as shown in the diagram.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get yo ur first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Q # 2: What is Amazon’s inventory management policy? Do you think that this is the best policy? Give two other inventory management strategies Amazon could use as part of its inventory management policy. The inventory management policy focuses more on the best method that customers can use to manage their orders. For instance, the company uses refined software that can be used to offer forecasts for demand in the market so that it can meet the expected needs of consumers. This policy is necessary in order to avoid excess supply that may not be bought within the anticipated time. The allocation of certain amounts to direct vendors and wholesalers has also been established as a buying rule. The supply management systems have been integrated in such way a way that the systems that handle importation, warehousing and inventory programs are separate, but work as a unit. The best price from suppliers is also an important policy consi deration for Amazon. Therefore, it has executed cascading rules of buying. These rules enable the company to determine the best options that can be adopted to fetch the best price and delivery options for suppliers. Although the above inventory management policies have been used successfully for a long time, there are other management systems that the company can still adopt in its online marketing business. For instance, Amazon can opt to use a barcode system in managing its inventory.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Amazon Company’s Marketing Managment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This system of inventory management system has been proved to be effective due to its high level of accuracy. It has a computerized cash register located at the point of sale. The data obtained from the inventory sales are transferred immediately in the system and later used in the maintenance of user statistics. The data obtained from the system can then be used to make investment decisions. It is imperative to note that warehouses can also adopt the use of barcode inventory system. The entire incoming inventory can be controlled using a radio frequency identification (RFID) signal installed in the barcode. The flow of inventory within a warehouse is also by a barcode system. Q # 3: Identify and discuss some of the supply chain management issues Amazon faced in its European markets. What were some of the potential risks faced in its European market supply chain, and how were they mitigating the risks? There were myriads of challenges that were faced in Europe before the close of 2003. For instance, the desire to reorganize its distribution network was a real cause of concern bearing in mind that the growing demand for its products needed an urgent action to be taken. The management at Amazon saw the significance of embracing business structure and market positioning. There was still a lot of sp ace for improving the supply chain management although the latter had been optimized in most parts of Europe. The operations of Amazon in Europe were still lagging behind by 2003. In other words, the volume of sales in Europe was far much below the similar operations in the United States. Hence, the product offering was to be expanded and realizing better marketing activities as it was the case with the United States. However, it was a difficult task to assess the degree of centralization required in adopting new services. For example, it would not be easy to group tasks that were being done separately. Putting these tasks together would require thorough planning. As a result, the operations of the supply chain management in Europe could not easily merge market sufficiency and flexibility within the required time. Moreover, there was prevailing challenge in the European market in terms of the system of product offering, stocking technicalities in order to attain effective submission to customers and also the methods to use in improving the relationship with suppliers.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Finally, it was also challenging the degree of centralization or de-centralization to adopt. These risks were mitigated by employing strategies used in the US market. However, slight modifications were carried out on the strategies used in the US so that they could be compatible with the case in Europe. Q # 4: Briefly discuss what are PRM and CRM. Discuss how Amazon used EDI to successful implement its PRM and CRM. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) in an organization serves the purpose of assisting in the process of controlling and planning activities that deal with the both the post sale and presale tasks. CRM aims at improving the overall relationship between customers and an organization. Some of the important components of a CRM include field service, technical support, marketing; sales force and call center activities. Hence, CRM assists in understanding the behavior and needs of customers. On the other hand, Amazon has used the Professional Risk Management (PRM) to valida te its skills portfolio in managing its risks in the operations of the supply chain management. In other words, the company uses PRM to assess the risk factor in terms of supply and demand of its products. In addition, PRM is instrumental in assessing price levels in the market so that the company does not run at a loss. Q # 5: What is a push strategy? What is a pull strategy? How would you characterize Amazon’s US and global supply chain strategy? What were the key drivers for Amazon to select the appropriate supply chain strategy in the US, and for the global market? When products move from one party to another, it is called a push strategy. This term is sometimes linked with the pull strategy to denote exchange of goods between two parties. Both of them can either receive or send goods to the other party. It is common knowledge for consumers to pull products toward themselves in order to satisfy their needs. On the other hand, pushing of goods and services to the end user s by supplies for the sake of optimizing production and volume of sales usually takes place. Hence, the net effect generated is known as the push-pull strategy. The global and the US supply chain strategy for Amazon indeed follow the push-pull strategy in spite of slight modification. For instance, there are suppliers on one side who push the products to Amazon. In this case, they do not sell directly to customers in the market. After coding and pricing of these products, selling process to consumers takes place. The company can as well deploy an effective logistics system that can cater for speedy delivery of sold products across the globe. Besides, concurrent engineering can be integrated with supply chain design in order to boost performance. Q # 6: Identify and discuss the facilitators in the Amazon’s supply chain. Explain how Amazon can apply cross docking strategy with the delivery of its product to its warehouse, or directly to its customers. The Amazon’s supply chain has several facilitators. Although it has a competitive pricing strategy compared to its market rivals, its facilitators in the supply chain have indeed led to massive growth and profitable of the company. For instance, Eddie Bauer is a retailer who is critical in the supply chain of Amazon because Amazon takes care of its inventory. In addition, the company also liaises with shipping companies for logistics purposes. Amazon uses drop shipping with certain assigned shipping companies. There are also wholesalers who are key suppliers to Amazon stores. Moreover, Amazon also cooperates with direct manufacturers who sell new products at the huge discount prices. When goods from a different location are offloaded and immediately loaded into transport vessels without facilitating any system of storage, it is known as cross-docking. Hence, no storage arrangements are organized whenever cross docking is carried out. Hence, Amazon can opt to deliver goods directly to customers without storage in warehouses. This will significantly reduce delivery time and storage costs. This case study on Amazon Company’s Marketing Managment was written and submitted by user Santiago Stein to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Essay about Asim Partial Assignment

Essay about Asim Partial Assignment Essay about Asim Partial Assignment Memo Date: December 29, 2014 To: David Brown, President From: Asim Mehboob, VP Information Technology Subject: Advisory Committee – System Development I am writing this memo regarding the discussion we had that number of legacy system still in place which cause issues when data from different sources need to be combined. As a result, a new integrated system should be developed, in order for the company to contribute in operations, improve financial reporting and increase productivity. As VP of Information Technology have formed an advisory committee which will support the planning and development of the new system and will also act as the liaison between the development team and the rest of the organization. The committee will be structured so that the needs and asks of all areas in the business will be brought to the discussion and planning phase of the system. I would like to present advisory committee members which have been selected based on their potential skill and knowledge of the business in the organization and I am sure they will focus that the planning, development, implementation of the new system is achieved with the required level of effectiveness and efficiency. The members of advisory committee are as follows, VP of Information Technology The VP of IT role at Spa works is important because the effectiveness of the system development will require appropriate technical and business knowledge of the current system in order to plan and develop the new system and transition from the old one without a substantial and material disruption in the operations. As VP of IT I have the required skill and background about business to provide the requirements and support in planning, organizing, assigning and controlling the setup of the new integrated systems. Director of Operation One of key post is director of operation that lead the business from the front, the person I selected for monitoring day to day operation of all spas and has been with our organization for thirteen years. He has thorough knowledge of the everyday activities of the spas and is also accountable for keeping all the managers informed on all operational modifications. His knowledge and expertise will help us in the planning and implementation of the new system. Director of Finance/Accounts The director of finance/accounts will perform a prime role in budgeting and cost control on this project. He also has a comprehensive and required knowledge of the current financial reporting system and requirements. He was selected for prompt financial reporting and sound analyses for all financial decision. He will assure that this project is completed in the most cost effective manner also provide major input in the development of the new system. HR Manager HR manager chooses â€Å"right man for right place in right time† .Also the latest expansion will mean hiring additional employees, need training and development, incorporate the payroll and the record keeping for employees. HR will also help in making sure the right skill set is hired for the roles required. The person I decided is jack of all and will also play an important role in planning the new system and requirements. Marketing Manager The marketing manager is a well-trained person who has substantial experience in understanding Spa Works, customers and also its competition. The most important roles of the marketing manager are market research, development of marketing strategy and wide range plan, marketing mix and CRM. The accomplishment of the system development depends on the involvement of each member of the Advisory Committee. I am confident that you will agree with the selection of the members of the committee. I will arrange a meeting with the committee members upon your approval on this proposal and for further discussion .They all will be able to respond to any questions or concerns you might have .I hope this project would drive Spa Works towards better reporting, better

Evaluating Vision And Mission Statements At Harley-Davidson Essay

Evaluating Vision And Mission Statements At Harley-Davidson - Essay Example As the discussion stresses  the statement falls short of describing the geographical territory of operations but mentions that the organization offers its products/services in selected market segments. The third characteristic of unique benefits/features/advantages offered is also present as the mission statement declares that Harley-Davidson fulfills dreams through the experience of motorcycling.  From this paper it is clear that the mission statement mentions ‘an expanding line of motorcycles and branded products’ alluding to the characteristics of technology used in production/distribution and fundamental concern for survival through growth and profitability.   It is however important to mention that there is no specific information on the technology used by the organization. Likewise, the growth and profitability plans have not been explicitly stated. The mission statement of Harley-Davidson does not specify the values and beliefs and therefore does not bring o ut the managerial philosophy of the organization. The characteristics of public image sought and self concept are also conspicuous by their absence in Harley-Davidson’s mission statement.  Harley-Davidson’s vision statement is lengthy and difficult to remember by heart so it does not possess the first characteristics of being brief. The achievement of the aspirations can be verified by checking the annual reports, sustainability reports, website and press releases of the organization.   

Business Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Communication - Essay Example An in-depth study of women in management settings, conducted by Korac-Kakabadse and Kouzmin revealed several insights into how communication is often a key factor in women not achieving the same level of power as men in the workplace. It explored the differences in their manner of communication and the way that these differences lead them to have less power. He pointed out, for example, that even the terminologies used in a workplace used to be male-oriented. (Korac-Kakabadse and Kouzmin, 1997, pp. 190-193) As researchers have observed, several positions in an organization would have titles such as â€Å"chairman† or â€Å"salesman†, making them seem like jobs that are designed for males only. Furthermore, women occupied some positions so often that these job titles were associated only with women. Some of the most well known examples of this are â€Å"secretary† and â€Å"manager’s assistant. The reason why this point is essential to this critique is tha t these job titles, both the ones associated with males and the ones associated with females, were altered around the same time that the role of women in the workplace started gaining more power. Women, whom these stereotypes had suppressed for a long time, stood up and fought for change, and achieved it. They had the male associated positions changed to â€Å"chairperson† and â€Å"salesperson†.... In addition, the women-associated job titles now stand replaced by more male-oriented titles such as â€Å"office manager† or â€Å"assistant manager† (Pringle, 1992, pp. 127-60). Even generic terms like â€Å"mankind† now stand replaced with less sexist words like â€Å"humankind†. This is an indicator of how women who seek power started by altering the communication strategies in the world around them, in both the workplace and otherwise. Thus, this supports the theory that communication strategies have a large bearing on the power that women possess in the workplace. Another important area in communication that affects the power that women have in the workplace is nonverbal communication. As researchers have found, even the difference in tones that women and men use often affects their power disparity in the workplace, regardless of the content of their speech. Due to the different roles men and women adopt in their lives, they often develop tones of sp eech accordingly. A man will more likely have a strong and confident voice whereas a woman will have a soothing and comforting tone (Willis, 1990, pp. 40-72). This difference makes it appear that the man is more capable of taking charge in the workplace, whereas the woman is more suited for a less power-oriented career. It would also explain why men are more likely to be trusted with managing and leading large workforces, while women are employed to work for them. This again supports the view that women need to alter their communication strategies if they wish to have more power in the workplace, even if it is their non-verbal communication. A few more studies have observed the communication strategies used by men and women, and have found some startling differences when

The Business Model Of The BBC

The Business Model Of The BBC The business model of the BBC is quite complex as it is funded by the government through TV licence fees, however, it is expected to be many things:  [3]  private and public, profit and non-profit making, a respected and responsible national institution as well as a nimble entrepreneurial entity. The BBC could be defined as an  [4]  intersect organization which demonstrates its conflicting objectives. The BBCs mission is to  [5]  enrich peoples lives with programmes and services that entertain, inform and educate through its various forms of media communication, that is to say, its purpose is to provide a value for money service to the public. It provides value for money through a variety of shows, for example, regarding ethnic minorities which other channels would not consider and also there are a wide range of channels which are dedicated to specific age groups such as CBeebies for kids and BBC Four focuses on documentaries whilst there are different radio stations for various genres of music thus conveying the diversity of the BBC appealing to all kinds of people including minorities through radio, television and internet. This value is also extended through the use of BBC iPlayer which enables viewers to catch up on watch again episodes such as Top Gear. The BBC prides itself on delivering innovative and informative programmes through the revolutionary technology of internet, digital and satellite communications. The BBC claim their vision is to be  [6]  the most creative organisation in the world and their goal is clear which is to be a global icon. They also wish to represent an independent view point on issues such as politics and be a proud representation of Britain. Their main objective is not to earn significant profit but to be globally recognized as a top quality producer of innovative programmes and services via a wide range of mediums and offer the best news coverage in the world. The BBC provides a wide range of shows from entertainment to sports coverage to educational programmes. It is also committed to earning profit through the sale of educational books and TV shows whilst also doing charity work. In addition, the cooperation is dedicated to research and development which has lead to a strong presence on the internet and BBC radio and television are available in over  [7]  99.4% of UK homes. It is mainly based in London, however, through the leadership of  [8]  Mark Thompson he has decided to diversify and move employees to Manchester to change the stereotype of their image as a London cooperation. I think that the present situation is viable; however, a few changes could be made which I will mention later. I believe that the current situation is tenable as the BBC is universally renowned for its productions which will generate cash flow though the sale of programmes and the sheer number of people who watch their news coverage which covers sport to politics. The BBC has done very well as it moulds itself to different areas and markets of the world to appeal to certain people through e.g. BBC world or releasing a BBC channel in Arabic. The cooperation has also divulged itself into the technology side making all its information and programmes easily and readily accessible which will hopefully meet the demands of the people in the ever evolving technology based world we live in. The BBC have the upper hand over BSkyB in the sense that their brand image is internationally recognized and their unique selling point is the originality of its programmes which must carry on as they enri ch peoples lives. Also the plan to go digital must stay on course as when this is complete they will be able to compete with BSkyB as the BBCs services do not need a satellite box and dish. Due to the current situation, the BBC must make slight changes to their business model because of the emergence of BSKYB which has dominated the UK market recently. They are now competing with hundreds of channels thus resulting in less guaranteed viewers because the BBC has  [9]  traditionally taken programmes from internal or external sources and fitted them into their schedule via their two channels to meet the needs of the audience therefore they could make more specific channels like BBC education. Firstly they need to do this because it will be able to compete against the plethora of new channels but also to convince people that satellite television is not necessary as the BBC has it all. However the BBCs income is fixed as the licence fee is set by the government so as its other main competitors are using this profit to expand and increase their range of services whilst the BBC is falling behind therefore the BBC must find new ways of generating more of a cash flow to keep up with its competitors possibly through online advertising. In addition, thanks to the growth of broadband one is now able to stream TV through their computer and access content easily which provides a further threat to the BBC but to which they have taken to their advantage whereby they have introduced BBC iPlayer which has attracted 41 million requests in December 2008 alone. With regard to the future, the BBC cannot carry on being all things to  [10]  everyone this is not viable as they are mainly government funded hence they cannot expected to meet the needs of everyone. I think this does not allow it to focus as there is no clarity because you cannot be all things to all people it is virtually impossible and it is not viable at all due to the increasingly competitive market but needs to be careful as its budget is very limited. The BBC needs to be efficient and the job cuts might be justified as they need to ensure their financial stability and future ambitions. Michael Porter highlights three generic positions which can be implemented to create a competitive and profitable advantage: Cost leadership, focus and differentiation. Cost leadership strategy underlines the fact that the company must become the lowest cost producer but produce a given level of quality which the consumers are happy with. This strategy is illustrated via  [11]  Toyota which supplies quality cars which are low in cost but have marketing skills to use a premium pricing policy. A differentiation generic strategy offers a product or service to consumers which are unique whereby they believe it is better than their rivals. This can be done through creative programmes, strong sales team and developing brand strength. The focus strategy is a middle ground line taken whereby the organization cannot take on either strategy therefore they focus on a narrow and elite market. This will create a relationship in the long term with specific consumers and the organization must provide whenever needed. Out of these three strategies the BBC does have a bit of each strategy; nonetheless, I believe that the main strategy utilized by the company is differentiation with a hint of cost leadership. The main strategy is differentiation because the BBCs brand image is internationally recognized and is well known for its quality programmes. The hint of cost leadership is that they have attempted to minimise cost as much as possible through mainly redundancies and also through the TV licence only costing  £142.50 per year, although an increase, is relatively cheap in comparison with rivals. Through the culmination of these strategies this would provide customers real value for money as well as discouraging potential entrants. 12Porter claims that the main ingredient needed is clarity in combination with one of these strategies. He goes on to say that the companies that do not follow this model do not necessarily fail, however, they fail to maximise and optimise their resources hence this does not put them in a comfortable situation which could have been avoided. Due to the fact that everyone must have a TV licence for their television sets the licence the BBC must provide good value for money and cater to peoples needs. Through differentiation strategy the company is able to grab a hold of the market through customer loyalty and if the quality is to the consumers satisfaction will discourage potential entrants. I believe this is the generic strategy as the BBCs main income comes from TV licence fees so it needs to be unique and this strategy can be only maintained if the BBC carries on offering creative and innovative programmes. There are five industry forces in a competitive market according to Michael Porter: Barriers to entry, Buyer power, Supplier power, Threat of substitutes and Rivalry. With regard to the five industry forces mentioned, the entry barriers of differentiation strategy gives the opportunity to deter potential entrants through customer loyalty in the hope that you gain some kind of monopoly in the market. Buyer power is a strength of differentiation because large buyers have less power to negotiate due to fewer alternatives. The cooperation will also find it easier to pass on supplier costs to consumers as they are willing to pay that bit extra. The company will be well protected from the threat of substitutes due to the consumers attachment of the differentiated company. The brand loyalty will keep consumers from rivals and put the company in a strong position. Overall the strong points of differentiation strategy are that it ensures customer loyalty with guaranteed quality which will discourage and one can pass on costs to the consumer because of their affiliation to the service. From the companys point of view of the company it guarantees consumers and secures stability in the long term. Leadership plays a key role in providing the vision and direction that structures the way in which the company will work in terms of strategy.  [13]  Leaders are expected to deliver and achieve what they set out to do and they also are expected to establish standards and motivate the employees to achieve maximum potential whilst also being totally committed. A leader must act in the interests of everyone and achieve quality communication between all staff. Taking this into account I will now analyse the leadership of the BBC with regard to Mark Thompson. The director-general, Mark Thompson, has decided to pull out of the so called ratings war but as the BBC is a public service broadcaster this should not be its priority. I see this as a strength as it will allow the BBC to make original and refreshing programmes that will offer a range to viewers. As the BBCs revenue comes through the governments implementation of the TV licence this again gives the BBC an advantage because it provides it with assured revenue and stability which guarantees job security for the staff and also ensures that BBCs priority are the viewers and not to gain profit. Another positive is that the government does not intervene in affairs of the BBC which permits the BBC to work in its own way and be unconstrained. Thanks to the leadership of Mark Thompson the BBC is to become more diluted through the  £200 million investment in the new BBC base in Salford Quays which will diversify and dilute its London influence in the hope that it will be seen as more Britis h. The BBCs commitment to technological advancement is a major strength as the demand is growing and it has certainly provided through the launch of BBC iPlayer and the completion of the switchover to digital throughout the whole country. The technology will also enable the need for fewer job requirements and possibly render some staff to leave which will ease the financial situation. The Director-General has also highlighted the need to have no imitation programmes and the return to in depth current affairs coverage which will please viewers as they want something unique. The BBC must also ensure it keeps its coverage of certain sports which attract a wide range of viewers and are extremely popular such as Wimbledon tennis championship, Formula 1 coverage and Match of the Day. Mark Thompson has been a great leader to the BBC as he always sent out emails to staff to underline his aims and objectives which give employees a sense of unity demonstrating his clarity of objectives and communication. When the salaries of executives at the BBC were revealed, Thompson immediately proposed the pay of the top 20 executives to be frozen for the next three years including his salary but also the suspension of bonuses for managers. He has done extremely well when the BBC has received so much abuse and attempted to resolve the issue without kicking up a fuss and enforcing absol ute standards: the sign of a leader. Mr Thompson is courageous and is not afraid to do what others might not, he recognized that redundancies were needed and so that is what he did this could be perceived as ruthless or rather, putting the companys interests at heart. The decision to dilute and diversify from London is in my opinion a weakness of leadership of the BBC as London has always served as an excellent hub to the company and is at the centre of everything. In a way Mr Thompson has contradicted himself because he claims that he wants to dilute the London influence by relocating staff to ensure there is evenness (2004) but a year later he decided that substantial job losses (6,000) were in order from different regional offices then why did he not make redundant those 1,800 going to Manchester. In reality Mark Thompson is a great journalist, however, one cannot expect him to be a great leader as well and this has been exposed during his time through various incidents, Brand-Ross incident and reporting of the war in Iraq, which have put the BBC under some serious pressure and abuse from the media. In 2007, the BBC were faced with losses and shortfalls of up to  £2 billion thus announcing the speeding up of the relocation of staff to Manches ter, nevertheless, I cannot understand how this ploy is supposed to help the situation and further the announcement of up to 3,000 redundancies is clearly not going to help the situation. I think that this is bad decision making and shows the desperation and weakness of the leadership of the company. As well Mark Thompson has shown a lack of control with the regard to the pay of executives at the BBC, it is  [14]  claimed that top 47 paid executives salaries range from  £190,000 to more than  £600,000 which is astonishing even though the BBC has had to lay off more than 2,000 staff. This shows real weakness on behalf of Mark Thompson including the running and decision making in the cooperation as well. I think Mark Thompson is a very direct leader and always has clear objectives or solutions. His main strengths are arguably communication, although, not in person and acting in the interests of the company exhibited by the restructuring of pay and focus on technology. In my opinion, his main weaknesses are his lack of experience and enthusiasm which sometimes leads to uncertainty and does not boost morale of staff. On the basis of what I am told, the priorities of the leadership should be to resolve the job redundancy levels before strikes might severely cripple the company. As the BBC have decided to divulge more into technology they must ensure that it is fully functioning with no problems due to the fact that they have a history with these sort of issues: electronic accounting system which deletes invoices. Probably the most important priority is to complete the move to Manchester to convey that they are serious and committed to diluting the London influence. I believe that there are two main priorities which are key to resolving the BBCs future and ensuring its stability. There needs to be a restructuring of the wage bill at the top of the company the salaries that have been quoted regarding executives and performers are excessive due to the BBC being a public service broadcaster. Through restructuring the wages this will free up some funds and put the interests of the company at heart. Also more attention is needed towards staff as they are at the hub of what the company does and by creating a sense of unity will hopefully move towards optimum performance because without the staffs capabilities and willingness nothing can be achieved. The relocation to Manchester must be completed as soon as possible because this will demonstrate the devotion and the ability to achieve their objectives. In addition, the BBC must stick to its aim to go digital which will help with their increase in the use of technology and provide consumers with a wide variety of ways to keep up with programmes and watch them in the highest quality possible. The BBC has had to deal with an array of issues over its time and there are situations which could have been handled differently. The slowness of the relocation to Manchester is a problem because firstly it shows that the BBC are not serious about diluting their London influence and also if the staff are not onboard then the move will not reap its expected rewards. In addition, the magnitude of redundancies that are occurring at the company does not reflect well on the situation and creates an unpleasant vibe with staff possibly leading to strikes causing turmoil. When the BBC releases technology it must be fully functional because people lose confidence and trust. If there are any issues that give consumers an excuse to purchase an alternative and then the cooperation will acquire a bad reputation. The other issue is the pay and behaviour of executives and presenters. The executives pay is outrageous and upsets the public as their licence fee money is being wasted on the salaries of overpaid executives further damaging the BBCs image. It is clear that one of the main problems that could have been tackled in a different way is that of the relocation to Manchester. There is no problem with the idea itself, however, there seems to be a lack of drive and determination to progress by Mark Thompson and the move only seems to lead to further redundancies. In summer 2008, it seemed as if the BBC were not serious about relocating which gives us a reflection of the ambition of Thompson to complete this move of certain departments. I believe the relocation should have been completed by now and this is a sign of weakness for the BBC because they have been funded by  [15]  millions of public and private money so there should be no excuses. Also the fact that they are now offering  [16]  generous relocating packages to London staff is absurd because they are employees of the company hence they should either agree to it or not. On the face of it, it seems a pretty desperate move by the BBC as employees should be excited about moving into a modern base and that is the way I believe the BBC should have tackled it in order to convince employees to move through the excitement factor of being a part of something special. Culminated with all this there are lay-offs occurring in order to save money and then we see them offering these charitable packages. Also I believe there is a contradiction because the majority of these redundancies are to come from different regional offices so the idea to become more British by relocating to Manchester will not work as other offices will have fewer employees. If they want the BBC to become more British then they should employ people from other regions rather than relocating London based staff but the BBC defend this  [17]  position claiming they need their experience and ironically some of them will not even move. I believe that the redundancy issue should have been tackled by more London based staff facing the sack. In my opinion, the BBC are taking the relocation in the right direction in the sense that this move needs to be completed as soon as possible and they need their experienced London staff to ease the transition. It is now paramount to complete this move and if the relocation package speeds things up then it is a positive move. The desired outcome would be that everything is up and running by 2011 because it has taken too long. Despite the BBCs previous track record regarding technology which has caused them numerous problems the release of BBC iPlayer sparked several issues and frustrated viewers all over the country.  [18]  100,000 people registered for the iPlayer during its first weekend of release which demonstrates the popularity of BBCs media and this problem could have easily been remedied through applying various tests and ensuring a pretty much flawless version. I believe if it had been fully functional when released the BBC would have gained applause and restored the confidence of the nation in them. The desired outcome of this case is very simple which is to have a fully functioning media player which provides viewers with what they want and the ability to carry out any function that was promised. The BBC has become shrouded lately in controversy and has been accused of bias which affects their global iconic image and their supposed independent view point on issues. Taking the Brand and Ross incident, this has damaged the BBCs integrity and generated massive media attention once again denting their image. This issue should have never arisen in the first place if the BBC had been more stringent and set out the rules with these two presenters the idea would have never popped into their heads as it clearly was unprofessional and uncalled for. It was a very daft and unnecessary incident which has smeared BBC radio twos reputation. The BBC would hope now that this sets a precedent and is now a warning to those others to not generate such extreme media pressure needlessly. Last of all, the BBC must now tackle the issue to do with salaries of executives and presenters which it has dealt with to a certain extent. The issue initially begun because Mark Thompson himself is earning an incredible amount,  [19]  Ã‚ £647,000 basic salary, which sets the standard that other top executives can as well. The BBCs way of tackling this issue was to publish the salaries to show their cautiousness with licence payers money because once the MPs expenses came to the light they were bombarded with complaints. This could have been tackled by completely restructuring the pay of the whole company which is unlikely to occur or simply not revealing the salaries. The second option is the easiest and seems sensible because the BBC should have known that when they released these figures it would cause mass uproar as they are a public service broadcaster. Taking into account everything, the best but not easiest solution is to restructure the pay of executives as they have don e with certain presenters such as  [20]  Graham Norton who earned  £2.5 million a year before agreeing to a pay cut and Bruce Forsyth. This will certainly ease the financial pressure on the BBC by reducing the magnitude of redundancies and manage the  £3.6 billion budget to maximum efficiency. Overall, the BBC has had its ups and downs but that is possibly down to the management and leadership of Mark Thompson. He is a respected journalist, however, this does not mean that he will be an implausible chief executive and this has been reflected in some of his decisions. The main two issues that must be resolved are the completion of the move to Salford Quays and the financial structure of the company with regard to executives and presenters. If both of these are achieved the BBC will be able to do what it does best which is to provide innovative and informative programmes and ensure value for money for licence fee payers.

Luddites, Neo-Luddites, and Technophobes: Confused by Technology :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Luddites, Neo-Luddites, and Technophobes: Confused by Technology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In today’s fast-paced society, there are many who wish we could just go back to the â€Å"good ‘ol days,† a magical time, possibly in the fantastic cultural memory of the 1950s, where we weren’t surrounded by computers and pagers and cell phones and all manner of surveillance and recording.   Many say that these things add hassle to our lives, and that the digital revolution is simply incompatible with our analog minds and souls.   Such people are often condescendingly called â€Å"old fogies† when they are, typically, older, confused by technology, and fearful of change of any sort.   There are, though, hearty subcultures which embrace a return to a less complicated time with intelligence and reason, generally known as â€Å"Neo-Luddites,† after the early 19th century English protesters who destroyed industrial machinery.   This, however, is a misnomer, as the many groups claiming ideological ancestry seldom refer to anything other than the popular anti-technology belief.   And, while the wealthy industrialists put down the Luddite rebellion, their ideals have survived, and probably will survive as long as technology continues to be so totally complex and separate from nature.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The original Luddites were technological guerillas who, from 1811 to 1813, and sporadically in the next three years, broke machines (most often knitting machines) throughout Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, and Leistershire, the three Midland counties in England, as well as starting riots and specifically terrorizing machine owners (Bailey 111-114, 18-19).   Machine-breaking was not a new form of rebellion, and the Luddites did little to modify it; there were many copycat breakings, but there were also many unconnected breakings, in the same time (11).   The chief distinguishing characteristic of the Luddites was their name, and that they had one:   rebelling â€Å"textile workers in the Midlands and north of England† used the invented name â€Å"Ned Ludd†Ã¢â‚¬â€-or â€Å"General Ludd† or â€Å"King Ludd†Ã¢â‚¬â€-in place of a leader, becoming known as followers of that name:   Luddites (x, 139). Sadly, the growing popularity of this name opened up a new area of problems.   The Luddites’ standard machine-breaking eventually inspired others to commit acts of violence in their name, which Luddite purists apparently detested enough to cease their breaking to prove the distinction (144).   Although in the thick of the machine-breaking fervor, though, there were many who took the chaotic opportunity to commit unrelated crimes in their name,

Tax Structure in Pakistan

Tax structure of Pakistan TAX: To tax (from the Latin taxo; â€Å"I estimate†) is to impose a financial charge or other levy upon a taxpayer (an individual or legal entity) by a state or the functional equivalent of a state such that failure to pay is punishable by law. Some commentators have argued that â€Å"a direct tax is one that cannot be shifted by the taxpayer to someone else, whereas an indirect tax can be†. A income tax is a tax levied on the income of individuals or businesses (corporations or other legal entities).When the tax is levied on the income of companies, it is often called a corporate tax, corporate income tax, or profit tax. Individual income taxes often tax the total income of the individual (with some deductions permitted), while corporate income taxes often tax net income (the difference between gross receipts, expenses, and additional write-offs). A  sales tax  is a  consumption tax  charged at the  point of purchase  for certain g oods and services. The tax amount is usually calculated by applying a  percentage  rate to the taxable price of a sale.Most sales taxes are collected from the buyer by the seller, who remits the tax to a government agency. Sales taxes are commonly charged on sales of goods, but many sales taxes are also charged on sales of services. Ideally, a sales tax would have a high compliance rate, be difficult to avoid, and be simple to calculate and collect Income tax Pakistan:Law concerning taxation of income in Pakistan is stated in the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001 (the Ordinance) and the rules framed there under viz. Income Tax Rules, 2002 (the Rules).The Ordinance is a Central statute and is, therefore, applicable to the whole of Pakistan . Under section 4 of the Ordinance, income tax is imposed for each tax year at specified rates on every person who has taxable income for the year Tax Year in Pakistan:Tax year is a period of twelve months ending on 30th June and shall be denoted by t he calendar year in which the said date falls. Taxable Income in Pakistan:It is the total income of a person for a tax year reduced by the total of any deductible allowances, under the Ordinance, for the year.A person is entitled to a deductible allowance for the amount of any Zakat paid by the person in a tax year under the Zakat & Ushr Ordinance, 1980. Total Income:it is the sum of a person's income under each of the heads of income for the year. Heads of Income in Pakistan:Under the Ordinance income is classified into the following five heads: Salary, Income from property, Income from business, Capital gains and Income from other sources.The income of a person under a head of income shall be the total of the amount derived by the person in a tax year that are chargeable to tax under the head as reduced by the total deductions allowed under the ordinance to the person under that head. CORPORATE TAX RATES:Pakistan corporate tax rate is 35% of net taxable income of a company. For no nresidents, a 15% rate is levied on the gross amount of royalties or technical service fees, and 30% for other payments under the presumptive tax regime. Residence – An entity is resident if it is registered under the law of Pakistan or its management and control is situated wholly in Pakistan.Basis – Resident entities are taxed on worldwide business income; nonresidents pay tax only on Pakistan-source income. Taxation of dividends:A resident entity pays tax at a rate of 10% on dividend income regardless of whether the dividends are Pakistan or foreign source. A nonresident pays tax at a rate of 10% on Pakistan source dividends. PAKISTAN SALES TAX:The standard rate of Sales Tax in Pakistan is 16%. Taxable transactions Sales Tax is levied on the supply of goods and services, and the import of goods.Sales Tax Registration:is mandatory for manufacturers if turnover exceeds PKR 5 million; for retailers, if the value of supplies exceeds PKR 5 million; and for importers and other persons if required by another federal or provincial law Filing and sales tax payment:Sales Tax returns and payments must be made on a monthly basis. RGST:The RGST is actually plain old Value Added Tax (VAT) with a new name. Since the VAT has already had its fill of bad publicity, the government decided it would be a smart move to rename and repackage the new taxation system.The RGST is a taxation system that operates by an addition of 15 per cent tax on each and every value addition on taxable products Who is involved? The key players behind the proposed RGST are the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, United States Mission to the European Union   (USEU) and other assorted donors who are tired of paying their taxpayers money to cover up for the leaks in our taxation system. But this is not to say that we do not  need reforms in our taxation system. The International Monetary Organizations might be the catalysts towards the reforms just now, but in all reali ty, tax reforms have been long overdue.

Australian Guide To Indoor Nox Exposure Which Affects The Human Health Literature Review Examples

Introduction Quality of air is a determinant in the quality of life, indoor air is important as people spend on average 80-90% of their lives in door (WHO, 2007). Indoor air quality began a long time but only been a health concern decades ago when awareness of contaminants presented in the air. The problem begins when the construction of building are highly insulated to conserve energy, which caused a trap to air intoxicants inside the building (E. Willard, 2005). This causes the exchange of outdoor to indoor to lessen and therefore the indoor air pollution builds up. Indoor air quality is a complex issue as research indicates that there are over 900 contaminants presented in the air from various sources (E. Willard, 2004). The indoor environments are under the impact of constant interaction changes which is difficult to analyze. For example, the concentration is greatly dependent on temperature or humidity, if temperature increases, the concentration increases. Sources of air pollution are important when considering health effects because they relate to individual and population exposures (R.E.Hester, 2008). A survey conducted to review the source of contaminants that lead to poor indoor air quality. The results given as: 53% inadequate ventilation 10% outdoor contamination, 5% microbial contamination, 4% building material contamination and13% others. (E. Willard, 2003) This review aims to find out how the indoor air affects the air quality management with various air studies that have been used to examine ambient air quality. The objectives of the review are to study: Sources of Nox exposure, both indoor and outdoor Strucutres that influence the accumulation of NOx Adverse health effects associated with NOx exposure Human behavior in response to Nox exposure Compare effects of max and min exposures The review strives to explore the different types of sources that contribute to NOx pollution and the sources are not restricted to indoor sources as the air also flows from the outside to t he inside.   The objectives of the paper leads to the research of the human health behaviors once exposed to NOx and explore different types of legislations and regulations that have been set up to monitor exposure of NOx since it is necessary to compare the current and the past issues that contribute to NO managements. Indoor Air Pollution studies Indoor air pollution is contributed from either indoor or outdoor air. Inside a building, there are many factors that originate contaminants and build up to air pollution. From outside, air may enter the buildings which increase the air the pollution (Willard,2008). Concentrations of pollutants are variable depending on the time and place. The impact of indoor pollution consists of cigarette smoking, stove operation, burning of kerosene, and various determinants from building materials (reference needed).   The impact from energy conservation decreases air quality due to the declining rate of ventilation. Air pollution and health’ by Hester (date), the studies of air pollution are determined by various ways and methodologies; they are as follow; By chamber (human challenge) studies By studies of morbidity Studies of hospital admissions Studies of mortality In chamber studies, the effect of individual pollutants is studied alone or in combination with other pollutants under controlled conditions. This monitors doses accurately to deliver the effects of co-factors. Epidemiological studies are more informative about health from individuals and population level.   The main purpose of the air quality studies is to measure, control and determine the effects on the human’s health and the results and examinations from the air pollution studies which enable the authorities to regulate and control the air quality for the community at the safest conditions. What is NOx? NOx is a reference to oxides of nitrogen, which as air pollutants, consists of NO and NO2. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) has the most contribution of human health issue at a higher magnitude to Nitrogen Oxide (NO) (National environmental health forum, 2007). Nitrogen dioxide can be found in various places such as the outdoors, motor vehicles, public places, inside an office and within the homes.   Nitrogen dioxide is formed naturally in the atmosphere and can be created as a by-product from human activities. Nitrogen dioxide can also be formed from oxidation of the atmospheric nitrogen by the ignition and the oxidation of ammonia. The combustion process converts the nitrogen fuel into oxide, such as nitric oxide. The Nitric oxide oxidizes into nitrogen dioxide from the presence of the ozone and hydrocarbons outdoors and the presence of hydrocarbons.   NO2 can react with other compounds in the atmosphere and thus forming inorganic and organic nitrates, such as nitric acid and peroxyacety l nitrate (National environmental health forum, 2007). NOx indoor sources The exposure to NOx has been known to cause varying levels of symptoms, but depending on the levels of exposure and its exposure can be particularly harmful to people suffering from asthma, as it might trigger an asthma attack.   If one suspects that they have been exposed to harmful amounts of NOx   it is important to contact a health-care provider as fast as possible. At low concentrations, NOx has been shown to cause: Eye, nose, throat and lung irritation Shortness of breath Nausea Dizziness Coughing Fluid build up in lungs At very high concentrations, the NOx has been shown to cause: Reduced ability to oxygenate body tissues Death Spasms of respiratory tract Unconsciousness Burning and swelling of respiratory tract NOx affects the human health The equipment which measures NOx is available, but is it is usually too expensive and complex to use for the general public. The homes that are located near busy roadways or the coal burning power plants often have higher levels of NOx. But burning natural gas, smoking tobacco, the kerosene, or the wood inside homes increases the concentrations of NOx. By avoiding the sources of the indoor NOx,   it is often the best way to limit the indoor concentrations. Some easy recommendations to reduce exposure include not smoking tobacco inside, limiting the use of wood burning fireplaces and limiting the usage of gas or the kerosene powered space heaters and stoves. To limit the indoor concentrations, it i9s recommended that one always ventilate devices that create NOx directly to the outside (EPA, 2005) Epidemiological studies (Morgan et al, 1996) found significant effects of nitrogen dioxide on mortality and hospitalisation. Exposure studies show inconsistent findings with young children with asthma whom are most likely to be affected by nitrogen dioxide. NOx sampling and monitoring Studies are carried out to sample and monitor NOx to determine exposures to the human health over certain periods. Samplers collect nitrogen dioxide over period of time to measure the presence and concentration of the contaminant. For the indoor sampling, indoor air are not as uniform as ambient air and the general methods that are used to sample nitrogen dioxide are; Chemiluminescence method (AS3580.5.1), electrochemical cell device, passive Palmes tube method (AS2365.11) and passive badge method (AS2365.1.2). The Chemiluminescence method and electrochemical device allows sampling to provide continuous data which presents in 1 hour average. AS2365.1.2 presents data in short term averages of several hours and AS2365.1.1 show long term averages of several days. (National environmental health forum, 2007). The precision of data depends on the period of average system. One hour averages are more accurate to determine concentration of nitrogen dioxide. What are the differences between these methods, could add more information now such as comparing the results from different studies utilizing the different methods. There are indirect sampling approaches to measure nitrogen dioxide where studies used questionnaires technique to examine the candidates. Questions would be related to the presence or absence to nitrogen dioxide sources and the intensity of their use. The estimations are compared to the data from a continuous outdoor monitoring. The data then gathered from all sites and analyzed to provide appropriate result for an indirect assessment method (World health organization, 2008). Studies are not accurately presented with indoor monitoring data as limitations to the number of sites, amount of data, conformity of data average periods and uniformity of methods. This results in instability and inconsistency of data monitoring. A study was compiled by the National Environmental Health Forum (1997), which examined data from 5000 indoor samples. Figure X show a compilation of   the data on NOx exposures in†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. recorded. It shows those indoor peaks are dramatically higher than outdoor peak, also on a regular basis. 30 studies from USEPA (1993) found that average indoor nitrogen dioxide with no sources to be 71% in comparison to 61% of corresponding outdoor levels. It shows that peak indoor levels generally occur when most occupants are in that specific environment. Figure X.   Nox exposures in †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(National environmental health forum, 1997) Another table below shows the results from indoor nitrogen studies that represent the results in an expression of a percentage to the concentration of nitrogen. National environmental health forum, 1997 NOx regulations and guidelines The guidelines from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) for nitrogen dioxide over a one hour period for the indoor levels should be at maximum of 0.16ppm. Currently, the level of concern for the indoor is at 0.3ppm (National environmental health forum, 2006). In 2002 the IPCS and the WHO Air Quality Guidelines from Europe recommended a lower 1-hour period guideline of 0.11ppm. Case Study The air pollution is a very serious problem in Canada and the burning of fuels in vehicles and engines is a main contributor, especially in big cities and thus, the air pollution is harmful to the environment and the health of Canadians. Many families use gas to heat up their houses as well as kerosene stoves and this contributes to much of the NOx emission. At the same time, the vehicles are parked adjust to the homes and the engines release all kinds of air pollutants including the volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and the particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and sulphur oxides (SOx), which are jointly termed to as Criteria Air Contaminants (CACs). Both the NOx and VOCs supply to the arrangement of the ground- level ozone and this is one of the major components of smog, which is often to be seen as a haze over urban centres. In the 2000, emissions of the NOx and VOCs from these diesel engines that powered the farming and forestry, construction, mining, machines were equal to those created by about 480,000 heavy duty diesel trucks and buses and this NOx finds its way to these homes though the open windows. Figure X below shows the guidelines of nitrogen dioxide exposure over several countries. Figure X:   Title (National environmental health forum, 1997) Conclusion Nitrogen dioxide has shown to be an indoor pollution contaminant that comes from various home cooking, heating appliances and indoor tobacco smoking. It has shown to have an impact on the human’s health with respiratory issues and impairs lung functionalities.   Epidemiological studies have assessed and quantify the health impact of indoor nitrogen dioxide exposure. It has shown a greater impact on the health effect of asthmatics and children. The indoor nitrogen dioxide concentration has been an issue for many countries over past decades. There has been guidelines set for improvements, however, Australia have not met to the guideline standards. Recommendations The resolution simply require the assessments to the problem, standard identification, formation of authorities to hold responsible for clean air and actions to improve air quality. At current Australia has National Enforceable Standards for Ambient air (NEPHs), but it only contains non enforceable guidelines for some indoor air pollutants. It is necessary to establish a set of national standard for indoor air quality in the near future. The Australia state government has imposed regulations for outdoor air control legislations which can fine up to $1 million for infringements of air pollution. However, there’s lack of interest for indoor air environment concerns. There have only been occasional involvements to issue information brochures about the gas heaters and the passive smoking to the community. There should be actions and plans to help reducing the level of indoor air pollutants, such as nitrogen dioxide. Some immediate steps to address the indoor nitrogen issues include: Establish a national body to be responsible for adequate nitrogen dioxide concentration. Lack of ownership and responsibility to indoor air quality will no doubt be effective. There should be a government department that is to be responsible for unhealthy air quality that affects the community. Develop standards for nitrogen dioxide. Until Australia has adequate benchmarks, we cannot establish a degree of concern about the level of nitrogen dioxide or any pollutants and its action for resolution. At current, Australia is very slow in developing standards that meet the world’s air pollution standards. The benchmarks should be expanded to all pollutants (not just nitrogen dioxide) and to adopt them into international standards to set as working guidelines. Collate data measured indoor nitrogen dioxide levels into a national database. Collating indoor air pollution data into a national database allow an easy accessible source to obtain any raw data or measurements. At current, the Commonwealth has began funding for the first project in Australia to gather data to a simplified source. This will establish extensive knowledge hubs which engage data from all over the world. Extensive education to the public about the concern of nitrogen dioxide. At current, communities are not aware about the health risks posed by nitrogen dioxide pollutant, and only occasionally are attentive to the media. Smoking causes the most indoor air pollution, but the media addresses smoking harms human health, but do not explain indoor smoking can increase the indoor concentration, where if not highly ventilated, then it will be trapped indoor. The information base is not adequate for delivering the objectives. Replace old unflued heaters (especially in NSW schools). NSW government schools use the most gas heaters, which research shows that the nitrogen dioxide concentration levels goes up to 2.9ppm. It is estimated that the number of affected students can be up to 50,000. Replacing the gas heaters can minimize the affected health issues to the students. Establish programs that will address the problems. Coordinated education program can equip the community with the required knowledge about decisions and actions that could affect the quality of indoor air and nitrogen dioxide. This is necessary if other plans are not feasible and would be an effective method to influence human behaviors and decisions. A recommendation is to action a national day for air quality to increase the community’s awareness. Improve ventilations where sources are presented indoors. This is the simplest method to reduce levels of indoor air pollution. Increase ventilation will allow emissions from sources to be diluted with the ambient air. Building should have standards to achieve this; therefore, this should be included in building codes and standards.   The vehicles that are parked near the houses should be parked far away from any open windows and doors. So the planners of the house should ensure that when the houses are erected, the parking should be far away from the houses. At the same time, it would be important if the home owners strived to stop using kerosene stoves or other equipments that emits NOx.